Anti-Gravitons may explain Dark Matter, Dark Energy and the Universe we observe today.

Anti-Gravitons may explain Dark Matter, Dark Energy and the Universe we observe today.

D J van Venrooij

Email:djvanvenrooij@gmail.com

Abstract

Matter, where does it come from? This must be one of the oldest questions asked by man, and we still do not seem to have an answer. The conventional wisdom of matter creation is that matter and antimatter were created in equal quantities at the big bang. However, matter and antimatter particles destroy each other liberating energy and yet a universe of matter resulted from this process. I suggest in this paper the existence of an anti-graviton, this force particle rejects matter and attracts antimatter and the graviton does the converse. These two force particles are created with the creation of matter and are responsible for the separation of matter and antimatter. These force particles may also explain the phenomena of dark matter and dark energy. I suggest we have an expanding universe consisting of islands of matter and antimatter.

Introduction

For thousands of years man has looked at the stars, felt the firm earth beneath his feet and wondered where it all came from. This stuff, matter, is all around us. We are made of it and our whole Universe is made of it. However, in the 1930s Fritz Zwicky published evidence based on the rotational speeds of galaxies suggesting there was more matter within these galaxies than we could observe. Zwicky called this unseen mass dark matter [1,2]. Despite this rather catchy name dark matter was not really investigated seriously until the 1970s and has been a particularly hot topic ever since.

In 1929 Edwin Hubble demonstrated that the Universe is expanding[3,4,5]. This observation begged one big question: Is there enough matter in the universe for gravity to halt the expansion or is the universe going to expand forever? For decades there seemed to be no clear answer to this question , however in 1998 two research groups presented evidence that not only is the Universe expanding, but the expansion is accelerating. The agent for this expansion is termed Dark Energy[6,7].

Discussion

I believe the matter dominated the Universe we observe today, the presence of dark matter and the acceleration of the Universe can be explained by the existence of anti-gravitons. I would like to postulate the following:

1. The Universe was born in symmetry. (For every mass particle produced in the big bang an antiparticle was created).
2. Whenever a particle with mass was produced the appropriate gravity particle was produced.
3. When a matter particle was produced a ‘graviton’ was also created.
4. When an antimatter particle was produced an ‘anti-graviton’ was also created.
5. Gravitons set up a field which attracts matter and repels antimatter.
6. Anti-gravitons set up a field which attracts antimatter and repels matter.
7. Gravitons and anti-gravitons are monopoles.

Now consider the creation of matter, the conventional wisdom has been that particles of matter and antimatter were produced simultaneously in matching pairs during the first moments of creation (within one millionth seconds). These matter/antimatter pairs were created and destroyed and yet it is as though the Universe gave preference to matter over antimatter, hence the Universe we observe today. If matter and antimatter carried their own opposing force particles, the sheer quantity of matter and antimatter produced at this time in such a confined space would create incredible gravitational /anti-gravitational force fields, matter and antimatter would instantly separate. Matter would be attracted to matter and repulsed by antimatter, and for antimatter the converse would apply. The Universe would not have to play favourites, the result would be a Universe with areas of matter and areas of antimatter in equal quantities, gravity and anti-gravity keeping them forever separate. We might imagine the universe with alternate areas of matter and antimatter where areas of matter are kept in check by areas of antimatter as in figure 1 and 2. (The converse would apply for areas of antimatter.)

In this way the dark matter effect can be accounted for purely by gravity and antigravity.

Figure 2 shows alternative areas of matter and antimatter, these would have been forged in the early moments of the universe as described above. Simply on a Pythagorean basis it is obvious that the opposing forces of gravity and antigravity (Green Arrows) are stronger than the attractive forces of gravity on areas of matter and antigravity on areas of antimatter. Such an arrangement would explain the expanding universe. The universe would have expanded violently at the very beginning but as the areas of matter and antimatter became more separated the rate of acceleration would have slowed but nevertheless remained.

Figure 2.

The Blue buttons are areas of matter and the

Red buttons are areas of antimatter. The thin

Blue lines are attractive gravitational forces

between areas of matter and the thin Orange

lines show attractive anti-gravitational forces

between areas of antimatter. The thick Green

arrows show the additive repulsive forces of

gravity and anti-gravity acting between areas of

matter and antimatter.

Conclusion

Although highly speculative I believe the presence of anti-gravitons could in a very simple manner explain the way the Universe looks to us today. It explains how our domain is made of matter and yet enables antimatter to exist in equal quantities. So separated are these areas of the matter and antimatter that annihilation of one by the other is not possible. The existence of areas of matter and antimatter with their opposing gravitational forces explains both the appearance of dark matter and dark energy. I also believe that with this new dynamic in the early Universe the necessity for an inflationary period disappears.

References.

1.  F. Zwicky, “Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln”, Helvetica Physica Acta, Vol.6, 1933, pp110–127.

2.  F Zwicky. “On the Masses of Nebulae and Clusters of Nebulae”, Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 86, No 3, 1937, p217.

3. E Hubble, “A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae”. PNAS Vol.15, No. 3, 1929 pp 168–173

4. G. Lemaître “Un Univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques” (in French). Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles, Vol. 47, 4 1927 p 49.

5. G. Lemaître, “Expansion of the Universe, The Expanding Universe“, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 91, 03/1931 pp 490-501.

6. Riess, A. et al “Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant”. The Astronomical Journal Vol. 116 No, 3, 9 1998, pp 1009–1038.

7.  Perlmutter, S. et al. “Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae”. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 517, No 2,6 1999,pp  565–586.